At the intersection of Romani Studies, Critical Security Studies and Political Theory, this book makes a major contribution to debates on security, citizenship and development. Focusing on Roma in Europe, it examines how contemporary regimes that claim to protect often actively racialize and marginalize them. Viewed through the lens of the ambivalence of protection, the book shows how Roma are simultaneously framed as at risk and as threats, and are subjected to racialized evictions, surveillance and development policies. Combining empirical depth with theoretical rigor, it reveals the structural contradictions of protection in European governance and their implications for rights, inclusion and mobility.